Regional Architecture for Contextualization of Regional Agriculture

Question: Examine about theRegional Architecture for Contextualization of Regional Agriculture. Answer: Contextualization of Regional Agriculture In present day design the idea the converge among style and structure has been extraordinarily spurred by the inspirations of the conventional elements of the area. This advances the improvement of a territorial engineering where all the styles have been contextualized to accomplish design universalization(Curtis 1996). This thus prompts the advancement of the regional design which frames the cutting edge character of the zone that keeps on creating and change it. Compositional regionalism can in this way depicted as an association between the prior building foundations. The purposes behind the foundation provincial engineering incorporate various shifting contemplations, including geology and the natural conditions. Be that as it may, the most well-known explanations behind local engineering incorporate a requirement for keeping up the set standard search for the zone in an offer to save the harmony between the nearby and all inclusive bits of design, and attempting to protect the social and individual characters of the district through safeguarding the credibility of the engineering. The idea of territorial design is likewise elevated by the need to keep up and cultivate connectedness among individuals who have a similar history, culture, and personality of that area(Cazinaro 2007). Provincial engineering would thus be able to be taken to be an essential key to the universalization of the cutting edge history of a territory through the style and structures that have been built up around there. Provincial design gives the territory decent variety and solidarity through interfacing the individuals and making the region essentially interesting and picturesque. Statements Regionalism can be thought of as a pragmatic utilization of the devotion among the diverse social viewpoints (Cazinaro 2007) Provincial engineering presents another regional and scholarly space that will proceed to create and change design in various regions (Curtis 1996) Catalog Cazinaro, Vincent B. Structural Regionalism: Collected works on place, personality, advancement, and convention. New York: Princeton Architectural Press, 2007. Curtis, William J.R. Current Architecture Since 1900. London: Phaidon Press Limited, 1996.

Lord Of The Flies Essays (1237 words) - English-language Films

Ruler of the Flies Character Analysis: Ralph: principle character-Ralph is the storyteller of the story. Jack: Jack is Ralph principle foe in the story. He drives the trackers. Piggy: Piggy is the shrewd one of the gathering. Simon: He is my preferred character in the story. He is seen as the Christ-figure and deciphers the puzzles of the island. Roger: Roger is Jack?s ?sidekick? furthermore, is a horrendous killer on the most fundamental level. Sam and Eric: The twins stick near Ralph until they are compelled to join the trackers. Their principle work is to watch the sign fire. The littluns: The littluns are essentially the more youthful young men and ride the temporary fad. The two young men Ralph and Piggy meet each other in a thick wilderness and find that they smashed in an plane and are abandoned. They additionally discover that there are no grown-ups present on the island and that none of the grown-ups endure the accident. As they approach a sea shore, they locate a gigantic conch shell. Piggy gives the conch a little toot and brings the remainder of the young men on the island to the sea shore. The young men amass and choose Ralph as the pioneer. Ralph then doles out the Choir, drove by Jack, to be the trackers. At that point Jack, Ralph, and Simon set out to investigate the island. Close to the furthest limit of their excursion, they experience a wild pig. Jack attempts to execute it, yet is fruitless. At the point when the pilgrims get back, a gathering is held. The pioneers clarify that the island is abandoned yet there is sufficient food to keep them alive. Jack and the trackers guarantee to flexibly meat. Ralph makes a standard that whoever is in control of the conch shell is permitted to talk. Ralph proposes the possibility of a sign fire to alarm passing boats of their essence. All the young men concur and everyone hurries to the peak to light a fire. The fire starts the assembled wood into a burst. One of the young men is accounted for missing yet none of the young men will admit to the probability of a mishap. Everybody is working diligently the following day, either assembling cabins or chasing. Before long the more youthful young men free intrigue and head out to play. A gathering is called and the young men concoct some new thoughts and discussion about issues. In the interim jack strays and appreciates the harmony and calm. Before long the young men get into a cadence of regular daily existence. In the first part of the day is the best an ideal opportunity for movement since it is cool and calm. Evenings are related with snoozing. A portion of the littluns are experiencing loose bowels from eating a lot of natural product. While Ralph and Piggy sit on the sea shore they notice a boat not too far off, and are appalled to see that the sign fire has gone out. The young men hurry to the ridge to attempt to make it go again yet it is past the point of no return. Jack what's more, the trackers who were accountable for the fire were mysteriously absent. Ralph chastens Jack about the fire what's more, he is sorry however he doesn't generally mind. Another gathering is called at the natural spot and Ralph reproves them about their recklessness. At that point the subject of the alleged ?monster? comes up. Ralph and Piggy attempt to give a clarification however it has no impact. Inevitably mayhem spreads however the group and the run off drove by Jack, and Ralph is completely fomented. That night, an air fight is going on and a dead pilot, with a parachute, arrives close to the sign fire where Sam and Eric have nodded off. They are stirred and are unnerved by the shadows and the body. The twins scramble down to the sea shore where a gathering has collected, and they recount to the story with implausible subtleties. A group of wayfarers is sent to explore. They find new land and plan what they will do with it, be that as it may, Ralph helps them to remember their strategic they proceed. As they approach the ridge, Jack charges Ralph of being chicken and fires up without anyone else. They are terrified by what they see and spread even more frenzy with their report. Jack chooses to hold a gathering and reports the danger of the mammoth and

The Political Status of Tibet and China :: Foreign Policy Politics Political

In contemporary society, before significant choices are made, we are frequently asked to glance back at the relevant authentic data and check whether we can utilize this data to assist us with settling on more clear choices and definitions particularly in national and universal arrangements. The genuine issue with this is those settling on choices frequently have an individual interest in the choice and can slant history and information towards the arrangement that they like. In these cases, it is important to take a gander at the two sides of the data before arriving at a choice, and this is the thing that I have attempted to do concerning China’s strategies and political perspective of Tibet. Through utilizing goal and ace Chinese reports, just as outside information on genius Tibet perspectives, I have endeavored to demonstrate whether I feel the Chinese are supported in guaranteeing authority over Tibet, and on the other hand, regardless of whether Tibet is advocated in as serting self-sufficiency from China. My decision is that nor is defended. Through contemplating the political narratives of the relationship of China and Tibet since the Tang Dynasty, developed as exchanging times of each state’s predominance over one another in various manners, I accept that neither China nor Tibet is supported in their political feelings over the other and rather they generally have been accomplices incapable to unmistakably be independent from one another. So as to appropriately reach a resolution on what the genuine recorded status of Tibet and China is, one must start with the main genuine archived political relationship existing between the two states. This period starts with the Tang Dynasty managing in China (roughly 618 to 908 AD) and a progression of incredible ancestral boss in Tibet, alluded to as the â€Å"‘Tubo’ in Chinese authentic documents† (Yin 201). During this period, the Tubo were an exceptionally incredible gathering, and for very nearly three centuries, consistent fights emitted among Tibet and China, not obviously characterized with outskirts yet. The Tibetans were as yet an exceptionally traveling society and inadequately spread along the high Tibetan fields. As the inborn boss increased more force, bigger gatherings of individuals would assemble, and fights broke out when the migrant Tibetans would either go into A chinese area or when the Chinese would encroach upon the Tibetan nomads’ lands. Because of the hazily characterized outskirts among China and Tibet, numerous â€Å"minor boondocks states† existed as a cradle zone among Tibet and China (Norbu 34). The Political Status of Tibet and China :: Foreign Policy Politics Political In contemporary society, before significant choices are made, we are regularly encouraged to glance back at the relevant recorded data and check whether we can utilize this data to assist us with settling on more clear choices and definitions particularly in national and global strategies. The genuine issue with this is those settling on choices frequently have an individual interest in the choice and can slant history and information towards the arrangement that they like. In these cases, it is important to take a gander at the two sides of the data before arriving at a choice, and this is the thing that I have attempted to do concerning China’s arrangements and political perspective of Tibet. Through utilizing target and genius Chinese archives, just as outside information on master Tibet perspectives, I have endeavored to demonstrate whether I feel the Chinese are supported in asserting authority over Tibet, and on the other hand, regardless of whether Tibet is legitimized in guaranteeing self-sufficiency from China. My decision is that nor is supported. Through examining the political narratives of the relationship of China and Tibet since the Tang Dynasty, developed as substituting times of each state’s strength over one another in various manners, I accept that neither China nor Tibet is supported in their political suppositions over the other and rather they generally have been accomplices unfit to unmistakably be discrete from one another. So as to appropriately reach a resolution on what the genuine authentic status of Tibet and China is, one must start with the main genuine reported political relationship existing between the two states. This period starts with the Tang Dynasty governing in China (around 618 to 908 AD) and a progression of amazing innate boss in Tibet, alluded to as the â€Å"‘Tubo’ in Chinese verifiable documents† (Yin 201). During this period, the Tubo were a profoundly incredible gathering, and for right around three centuries, steady fights emitted among Tibet and China, not unmistakably characterized with fringes yet. The Tibetans were as yet an exceptionally traveling society and meagerly spread along the high Tibetan fields. As the innate boss increased more force, bigger gatherings of individuals would assemble, and fights broke out when the roaming Tibetans would either go into A chinese area or when the Chinese would encroach upon the Tibetan nomads’ lands. Becaus e of the vaguely characterized outskirts among China and Tibet, numerous â€Å"minor boondocks states† existed as a support zone among Tibet and China (Norbu 34).

Brazil’s Political Factor in Business

Political factor by ashraful islam Trade Policies in political factor Brazil's monetary history has been affected amazingly by outside exchange patterns and strategies. Progressive patterns of fare blasts in such wares as sugar, gold and jewels, elastic, and espresso assumed significant jobs in Brazilian improvement before World War II. During the 1930s, the breakdown of espresso costs flagged a turn internal, bringing about an early industrialization. In succeeding decades, modern advancement was encouraged intentionally through prohibitive exchange approaches, making Brazil a generally shut economy by the mid-1960s.Only in the mid 1990s did Brazil start noteworthy progression of its exchange strategies, and even these changes were humble by examination with those in various other Latin American countries. Government intercession in remote exchange has a long history in Brazil, coming to back to the provincial time frame when Portugal denied Brazilian exchange with different countri es. Following freedom in 1822, Brazil opened its ports and extended its exchange with different countries, especially Britain. Broad government guideline of exchange proceeded, in any case, with levies giving over portion of the administration's income before World War I.Other types of intercession in exchange incorporated the 1906 espresso value bolster plan, which was a modern endeavor to abuse Brazil's monopolistic situation on the planet espresso showcase. Prior to World War II, exchange arrangements were utilized for the most part as a wellspring of income or as a reaction to explicit gatherings, for example, the espresso makers, as opposed to as a methods for accomplishing national financial objectives. In the mid 1950s, Brazil started to utilize exchange arrangement an increasingly conscious approach to advance industrialization. The constrained decrease in Brazilian imports after 1929 had brought about the primary major mechanical development in Brazil, focused in Sao Paulo. Heeding this clear exercise, approach creators during the 1950s contended that quantifies that purposely diminished imports would invigorate residential creation, subsequently reassuring innovative turn of events and expanding work in exercises that were viewed as more â€Å"modern† than Brazil's conventional agrarian and extractive exercises. The lofty ascent in world oil costs that started in late 1973 before long finished Brazil's push toward more noteworthy exchange receptiveness. The estimated balance among imports and fares in the mid 1970s turned into a phenomenal US$4. billion shortfall in 1974. In spite of the fact that record levels of outside capital streams financed this shortfall, Brazilian approach producers reacted by limiting imports. In June 1974, import financing for some, items was suspended, while levy rates on in excess of 900 things were multiplied. Throughout the year, limitations were expanded further, and in 1975 the legislature necessitated that impo rts be paid for ahead of time with stores that didn't win intrigue or any revision for expansion. On the fare side, further measures were taken to advance fares, particularly for manufactures.Despite these measures, Brazil's exchange balance stayed in shortage for the greater part of the 1970s. The blend of fixed import controls, genuine devaluation, and the fall in local interest actuated by the prohibitive macroeconomic arrangements of the mid 1980s brought about a sharp change in Brazil's outside records. The extent of the change seems to have amazed even a considerable lot of its defenders, both in the Brazilian government and among loan bosses. After 1983 the enormous exchange surpluses found the middle value of in excess of 3 percent of GDP, contrasted and negative or immaterial levels through the vast majority of the 1968-82 period.In 1984, as the full impacts of the modification program were felt, sends out were about twofold imports, and Brazil's exchange surplus arrived at a remarkable 6. 1 percent of GDP, far surpassing the practically identical offers in other significant economies, for example, Japan (3. 5 percent of GDP) and West Germany (3. 8 percent). By 1984 obviously the effective outer modification had a local cost, as expansion quickened to in excess of 200 percent at yearly rates. Exchange arrangement thus started to be seen as a potential instrument for inside adjustment, with some import advancement saw as a potential supporter of diminished inflation.In late 1984, some of the immediate controls on imports were decreased, and the quantity of items on the negative rundown was decreased generously. Import financing prerequisites were additionally loose through exceptions, and levy overcharges were supplanted by littler options to the legitimate duty. On the authoritative side, the Cacex strategy of import limitations for parity of installments reasons for existing was decreased. Despite the fact that import licenses were not annulled, thei r endorsement turned into a moderately standard activity, and by 1991 most licenses were being given inside five working days.The CTIC turned out to be essentially a revealing and enrollment office, which had little of the optional force some time ago practiced by Cacex. The previous CPA, which had been far eclipsed by Cacex, was supplanted by an office parallel with the CTIC, the Technical Coordinating Office for Tariffs (Coordenadoria Tecnica de Tarifasâ€CTT). With the move in accentuation in exchange arrangement from optional regulatory control to the automaticity of distributed duties, a considerable lot of them constrained by Brazil's bargain responsibilities, the CTT's job in figuring import strategy turned out to be fundamentally more prominent than the CPA's had been.Early in 1991, the Collor de Mello government reported a progression of tax decreases to be staged in over the 1991-94 period. These were among the most extensive and critical decreases in Brazilian exchange assurance a very long while. Prior duty decreases regularly had been to a great extent restorative, just diminishing rates that were restrictive to elevated levels that despite everything banned numerous imports. The 1991 changes went a lot further, and in numerous areas decreased rates to about 33% of their level in the mid 1980s.Equally significant, the changes diminished the wide changeability or scattering of tax rates that were once normal for Brazilian exchange strategy. The general pattern in Brazilian exchange strategy is clear. By the mid-1990s, Brazil had become a significantly more open economy than it had been 10 years sooner. needs as far as business bolster Market Overview The Federative Republic of Brazil is Latin America's greatest economy and is the fifth biggest nation on the planet as far as land mass and populace with around 192 million people.Brazil’s economy, the sixth biggest on the planet, grew 2. 7% in 2011. Development eased back because of decreased interest for Brazilian fares in Europe and Asia, regardless of strong household request and a developing white collar class. During the previous decade, the nation has kept up macroeconomic arrangements that controlled expansion and advanced monetary development. Swelling was at 6. 5% in 2011, and urban joblessness arrived at a notable low of 6. 0%. Loan fees, however high contrasted with the remainder of the world, remained verifiably low at the Central Bank benchmark pace of 8. 0% starting at July 2012. In 2011, the U. S. as Brazil’s biggest wellspring of imports followed by China, Argentina, Germany, and South Korea. U. S. stock fares to Brazil in 2011 were US$42. 9 billion, and U. S. imports from Brazil were US$31. 3 billion. Market Challenges Brazil has an enormous and broadened economy that offers U. S. organizations numerous chances to trade their merchandise and enterprises, and U. S. trades are expanding quickly. Working together in Brazil requires personal informat ion on the neighborhood condition, including both the unequivocal just as understood expenses of working together (alluded to as the â€Å"Custo Brasil†).Such costs are regularly identified with circulation, government methods, representative advantages, natural laws, and a mind boggling charge structure. Coordinations represent a specific test, given framework confinements presented by about a time of monetary development. Notwithstanding duties, U. S. organizations will locate an unpredictable traditions and lawful framework. Market Opportunities There are barely any, areas in Brazil that don't have great transient chances. Certain segments of the Brazilian market have encountered higher than normal development, for example, air transportation, telecoms, oil and gas, and mining.Under the second period of the Growth Acceleration Program (PAC II), the Government of Brazil will burn through R$955 billion (the likeness around US$470 billion) being developed of the countryâ€⠄¢s vitality age and circulation framework, streets, railways, ports, and air terminals just as arenas as it gets ready for the World Cup in 2014 and the Olympics in 2016. Other promising regions for U. S. fares and speculation incorporate horticulture, agrarian gear, building and development, aviation and flight, electrical force, wellbeing and security gadgets, natural innovations, retail, and transportation.The Brazilian national oil organization Petrobras' extension may speak to the biggest worldwide business opportunity in the oil and gas division until 2020. The seaward pre-salt oil stores found in 2006 and 2007 are assessed to surpass 60 billion barrels in likely or recoverable holds, and could put Brazil among the world’s top ten oil-creating nations. Petrobras envisions that it will put $224 billion in investigation and advancement through 2015. Brazil is one of the biggest IT showcases inside the developing economies. IT end-client spending in Brazil is required to develop to $134 billion in 2014.The biggest portion of spending will be on telecom hardware, speaking to 72% of the market, trailed by IT administrations at 13. 3% and registering equipment at 11. 9%. In the years paving the way to the 2016 Olympic Games in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil will have a few worldwide super occasions. In 2011, Brazil facilitated the World Military Games and the Pan-American Maccabi Games and in 2012, Rio de Janeiro facilitated the Rio+20 worldwide ecological maintainability meeting. In 2

Long Term Macroeconomic Changes Of The Great free essay sample

Misery Essay, Research Paper The mid-twentiess were a clasp of monetary flourishing and trust in North America and a few pieces of Europe. Nations started to remake themselves genuinely and monetarily after the war, and as war securities maturated, new capital started to stream into the pockets of the individual. Utilization in both the modern and private divisions started to make a financial thunder and creation degrees took off great above full business limit. This inflow of cash and thriving made putting resources into organizations an extremely moneymaking concern adventure since total compensation fringes and stocks profits were doing individuals everywhere throughout the universe a little karma. Operators started to influence any person who had overabundance cash to go known to man of stocks and securities, and worldwide exchange markets started to create and blast. Cash was a copious, flimsy element, and financial frameworks were blasting. During this decennary, enterprises were given the funding to spread out. We will compose a custom paper test on Long haul Macroeconomic Changes Of The Great or on the other hand any comparable subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page In any case, the aggregate of cash that had been put and kept on being put resources into these houses, was far more prominent than the whole that could be spent on proficient creation and advancement. This uniqueness prompted the overinflation of stock money related qualities, a territory where the estimation of the stocks far exceeded the estimation of the organization. This was an extremely perilous degree to keep in such a case that individuals understood that their stocks could just go down in money related worth, they would sell at the higher financial worth degrees and would jeopardize the length of administration of these houses. In add-on, Bankss other than utilized stocks as security for credits, taking the presumptive worth of the stocks as a strong in addition to. On the off chance that the market were to rapidly and precipitously flatten, non only would single debitors lose their capacity to discount advances, however the Bankss would lose their stableness on the grounds that the guarantee hung on these advances would go useless. In 1929 the most noticeably awful occasion situation occurred and the universe wide securities exchange fell into a territory of commotion. In the procedure mature ages Bankss fell, organizations disintegrated and concerns cut back on all features of creation. The financial framework was come ining a decennary of downturn that was in this way called The Great Depression, and its resonations would be felt over the full universe. The Great Depression is as often as possible portrayed by the microeconomic factors required, as these will in general be increasingly sensational accounts. Embedded in the heads of work powers and the Hagiographas of history are accounts of individual fight and affliction, where people battled for cultural stableness brought about by the upsetting conditions constrained upon the hoards. Notwithstanding, it is the drawn out modifications in macroeconomic approach, changes that grade this decennary in history as one of the most dynamic time frames in Europe # 8217 ; s monetary history, that establish the frameworks for future coevalss of business people to blast. By covering with the outdated approaches of individualistic monetary sciences and the request of the plated measure, the financial world forces of Europe, Britain, Germany and France, hammer the new basis for European monetary sciences after the Great Depression. Individualistic financial sciences depended on the central that the monetary arrangement of a state ought to be left to run without anyone else with no specialists intercession. Work power like Adam Smith and J.S. Plant composed communicated papers suggesting free undertaking and unlimited entrepreneur economy. This strategy for monetary conduct worked great until the private part was hit with the abrupt and intense approaching of the downturn. The downturn removed the confirmation of buyers everywhere throughout the universe and evaporated ingestion insights, go forthing single houses extremely hardly any alternatives about how to deal with the fiscal worth degree, prizes and joblessness. Driving at last to a downswing in aggregative creation, authoritiess had to step in concern individual businesss to surge recuperation along, and modifications in specialists strategy must be made if the state was to last. The solitary occupations with strategy modifications were that authoritiess were non sure which strategies they should execute, and in the terminal each state took an alternate position to this request dependent on their single financial standings known to man. Intently attached to the financial standings of these states was the request of what cash model ought to be utilized. The gold basis which was initially set up front to the main World War to think about all the major monetary states # 8217 ; monetary standards into a typical worth, was going debilitated by immutable vacillations of single monetary standards. Since each state is autonomous all by itself, the paces of rising costs and the paces of creation were non ever unvarying over the states. In the event that a state was to keep up with the standard, significant controls would hold to be executed inside a state to keep up their monetary framework agreeable. After World War I, Britain was the most grounded financial voice in Europe, holding per capita salary conclusively higher than France # 8217 ; s or Germany # 8217 ; s.1 Having this solid monetary base to work from, Britain had the option to cover with the effects of the overlaid rule on their monetary framework obviously superior to other European states. From, the beginning Britain realized their money was exaggerated orchestrating to the overlaid rule and they set going to immediately redress this activity. After a couple bombed endeavors at working inside the framework, Britain abandoned the plated model in 1931, devaluating its money by around one-third2 of its unique worth. Expansion did happen after the modification, in any case the pace of expenses did non increment to the horrible degree different regions had to process. In light of prior requests and power per unit regions to go off from the individualistic arrangement of monetary sciences, a British resident by the name of John Keynes started to create what might be the new financial approach for non only Britain, yet the United States each piece great. His hypothesis focused on the significance of specialists outgos and income upgrade, as he felt they were identified with the factors of business, rewards and the money related worth degree. In his distribution General Theory, Keynes called attention to that the downturn gravely constrained the capacity of single houses to amend any creation occupations they were holding by themselves.3 The discounted interest for products brought about by rising costs was ordinarily trailed by houses take bringing down the pri Ces of their products in endeavors to build request. This bringing down of fiscal qualities, all things considered, would force a house to bring down remunerations or slice back on business Numberss to rescue on cost of creation. With brought down fiscal qualities and lower rewards, it was discovered that the existent pay, or the proportion of expenses to a pay, stayed for the better part unaltered and ingestion figures did non lift. This is the place Keynes recommends that the specialists change its dispensing to back up higher financial qualities and rising costs. He figured that if the money related qualities were urged to lift, leting the pay of the laborers to remain the equivalent, the estimation of existent prizes would lessen, aiming that houses could raise work and hence production.4 With restored creation limit and higher business rates, the ingestion insights could lift one time again and get down to reproduce life to the financial framework. The German financial response to the Great Depression was radically not the same as that of Britain since they did non see the monetary thunder that the rest of the universe had during the early mid-twentiess. After the principal World War, Germany had to do large reparation installments to France, accepted by some financial historiographers to be unnecessarily punitory and opressive.5 Because of this monetary strain the state experienced what is known as hyperinflation, where the estimations of the German evaluation deteriorated to where it got valueless if the overlaid model was to be kept up. Exchange, both broadly and globally land to a capture as the monetary framework fallen. Another cash was presented in supplant of the old, and Germany conveyed forward in a type of financial arrangements that bolstered a monetary collapse if all else fails protective monetary move. In spite of outside credits Germany # 8217 ; s financial framework was injured and there was nil the specialists could make to recover from this shock.6 With lifting joblessness and with the approaching of a much more prominent sadness in the mid 1930 # 8217 ; s, Germany # 8217 ; s chances for monetary recuperation were dark. Be that as it may, when Adolf Hitler was chosen for office and along these lines set himself up as a military tyrant, he endeavored to turn Germany # 8217 ; s folding financial framework around using a concentrated occupation inventive action conspire. Under this arrangement Hitler overhauled his military force and the incomparable Numberss of juvenile work powers enlisted into the military brought down the inactive rate in Germany. In any case, since the territory came up short on the funding to keep this level of work on its ain, Hitler started the second phase of his journey to pressure the recuperation of the German financial framework, the triumph phase.7 H e struck the very industrialized pieces of Czechoslovakia premier and fused their assets to those of Germany. The wars proceeded and as many locale was caught, the financial difficulties of Germany were passed along to these vanquished people groups. Creation and work drastically expanded in the German homelands, and the financial framework began to re-balance out itself. The remainder of the three significant e

Links Between Smoking and Degenerative Disc Disease

Links Between Smoking and Degenerative Disc Disease Addiction Nicotine Use Smoking-Related Diseases Print The Link Between Cigarette Smoking and Degenerative Disc Disease By Michelle Boisvert Updated on December 07, 2019 Cludio Policarpo / EyeEm / Getty Images More in Addiction Nicotine Use Smoking-Related Diseases After You Quit How to Quit Smoking Nicotine Withdrawal The Inside of Cigarettes Alcohol Use Addictive Behaviors Drug Use Coping and Recovery Cigarette smoking is a leading risk factor for degenerative disc disease (DDD). The term “degenerative disc disease” has been criticized by some because all discs do degenerate naturally over time. Its a normal part of the aging process. However, in some younger adults, the discs degenerate more quickly than in others, causing the discs to lose fluid, become less pliable, and less able to protect and support the vertebrae, resulting in chronic and debilitating pain. Smoking Is a Leading Risk Factor for DDD Although genetic predisposition is the number one risk factor for DDD, a growing number of studies indicate that smoking is another leading risk factor for DDD, both in the lumbar discs (lower back) and cervical discs (neck). Research suggests that smokers have a greater risk of developing DDD, and that smoking can exacerbate a pre-existing disc degeneration. Smoke and Disc Degeneration Nicotine deprives disc cells of vital nutrients. In addition to nicotine, when you smoke, you introduce carbon monoxide into the bloodstream and from there into your body tissues. These poisons inhibit the discs’ ability to absorb the nutrients they need from the blood. The result can be prematurely dehydrated, less pliable discsâ€"degenerated discs. As the discs become more and more malnourished, there is a greater risk of a ruptured disc. This occurs when the disc contents break through the outer layer of the disc, often impinging on nerves and causing great pain, numbness, and in some cases nerve damage in the legs or arms. These same poisons also interfere with the absorption of calcium, leading to a compromised vertebral structure. More Smoking Risks Related to Degenerative Disc Disease Other risks that relate to smoking and DDD include: Coughing, which is more prevalent among smokers, can also add to the risk of DDD. Coughing causes increased pressure between discs, which puts added strain on the spine and discs, creating a greater risk of disc bulges and ruptures, especially in a spine already weakened because of smoking-related toxins.Inactivity, which is frequently associated with the smoker’s lifestyle, can result in a higher frequency of back pain in general. Unfortunately, pain associated with DDD can make an active lifestyle that much more difficult to enjoy. Treatment Treatment for DDD and disc ruptures ranges from doing nothing to major surgery, including spinal fusion. This surgical procedure involves removing disc material and fusing the vertebrae together with bone grafts and sometimes metal plates, rods, and screws. Anyone who is still smoking by the time this surgery is required is strongly advised to quit smoking prior to surgery. Many surgeons will not perform the surgery until you have been smoke-free for several months. Smoking impedes new bone growth, which is instrumental in the success of spinal fusion. Researchers have determined that nicotine is a bone toxin and as a result, the failure rate for many types of fusions is higher for smokers. More research is being done to study the relationship between smoking and DDD, but there is ample evidence already to suggest that quitting smoking now may reduce the risk of developing or exacerbating DDD. Dont Take the Gamble To those who might be contemplating quitting and wondering if you have another 10, 20, or 30 years to smoke before you do any real or lasting damage, please think again. Think about what you’re putting on the line. For every warning actually listed on a pack of cigarettes, there are many more illnesses, diseases, and complications that smoking can cause. Try to quit now, and at least know that from this day forward youre doing all you can to protect your health and well-being.

Ivy League and Athletes

Ivy League and Athletes February 1, 2013 Theres a great op-ed in The Columbia Spectator by first-year student Josh Fram in which he writes about why athletes belong in the Ivy League. In the op-ed, Fram writes about how athletes on Columbias campus are often asked, Ohso youre an athlete? With this question, its implied that student-athletes arent as good academically as are non-athletes. According to the op-ed, Objectively, it is clear that these sentiments are based in truth. A 2007 study conducted by sociologists Douglas Massey and Margarita Mooney shows that Ivy League athletes scored on average 93 points lower than non-athletes on the SAT. They reported a similar discrepancy with regard to high school GPAs. And according to James Shulman and William Bowen’s book The Game of Life, published in 2002, these same trends persist in college. Ivy League athletes often become quite successful in the real world after college. Josh Fram has a great piece about this in The Columbia Spectator. But others argue that student-athletes are more successful after college than their non-athlete peers. Theyve worked as member of teams. Theyve held leadership positions. They understand their role. These are some of the things that are inherently intwined with sport. And shouldnt a highly selective college seek out students who they think will be successful after college? After all, dont they want to admit the next President of the United States and CEO of IBM and founder of the next big startup? You bet. As referenced in the op-ed, But as former Harvard Dean of Admissions William Bender famously proclaimed, If you let in only the brilliant, then you produce bookworms and bench scientists; you end up as socially irrelevant as the University of Chicago.' What do you think would happen to a university if they admitted only students with perfect SAT scores and grades? Do you think theyd be more or less likely to pick the next President of the United States? Do you think the college would be stronger or weaker for this decision? Let us know your thoughts on the matter by posting below!

Does This Milkshake Taste Funny Ob Hbs Case Essay example

Case Analysis of â€Å"Does This Milkshake Taste Funny?† The case â€Å"Does this milkshake taste funny?† presents a situation, where company employees were confronted with an ethical decision. Their thoughts and actions were shaped by several factors, including their personal moral values and the corporate culture engendered by the management of the company for which they work. This case provides an example of how a lack of a code of ethics or ethical training within a corporation can lead to negative consequences. The major players in the case are the night shift employees of Eastern Dairy, and the management of this company that set up the rules and expectations for the night shift. The background and the ethical situation†¦show more content†¦The management of this corporation, however, was only interested in in the nightly completion of production orders and the cleanliness of equipment at the end of the shift. Eastern Dairy seemed to have a singular focus on economic responsibility, at the expense of ethical responsibility. This influenced Paul’s mindset about his own responsibility during the shift and his decision during the ethical situation described the case. The ethical situation arose when, during one of the shifts, George discovered that the pipeline filters were becoming clogged up with solid matter composed of maggots that have gotten into the mix running through the production line. This disconcerted George, but Paul told him that maggots occasionally got into the bag of ingredients for the mix and that the filters would catch them. George stopped the pumps, cleaned the filter and the equipment was restarted. However, it soon became apparent that the filters kept clogging up, and the process of continuously cleaning them would not allow the workers to run the last 500 gallons of the mix. At this point, Paul told George to run these 500 gallons without the filters, claiming that the re st of the process will pulverize the maggots and kill any bacteria. George, however, felt uneasy about this, thinking about the kids who would drink the milkshakes

Essay on Family Formations - 2167 Words

Outline and critically assess the most significant crises, conflicts and changes in family formations over the last two decades (since 1990). Make reference to your own experience, in terms of changes in identity and identifications over time. In order to address the question it is important to present the evidence which shows that there have been conflicts, crises, and changes in society since 1990. It is widely understood there are many formations of the family. This involves the forever changing affects on society which bring us back to the family. This essay will discuss the social changes occur within the family paying particular attention to lone parenthood. It will look at changes to marriage, divorce, births outside marriage†¦show more content†¦(Gittens, 1993) The family is seen as a universal social institution which must perform certain specific functions which is essential to societys survival. The principle architect of the model nuclear family was functionalist Talcott Parsons. He argued that the nuclear family household has two main functions in modern industrial society; they are socialisation of children and the personality stabilization of adults. (Parsons, 1955). The nuclear family is defined as a small unit consisting of a married couple and their child/children and is united by ties of affection, identity and support. It is widely assumed that this form is the most dominant in society and anything other may be considered as deviant and unacceptable. (Allan and Crowe, 2001) However, this conception of how the family is constituted may be more a reflection on how relationships should be structured rather than how they are and hasnt paid enough attention to the real diversity of experiences in family life, including the increase in numbers of single parent families. (Cheal, 1991). Firstly, a key factor to consider relating to conflict crises and change to family formations is marriage and divorce. It has been widely understood for centuries in the west that marriage was considered an eternal commitment. Divorce was not the norm and was only awarded in certain exceptional cases, such as non consummation of marriage. Numerous countries have pr oceeded to make divorce more acceptableShow MoreRelatedFamily Formation And Structure Of The Nuclear Family1457 Words   |  6 PagesCombining the multitude of factors that contribute to family formation and structure parallels to mixing ingredients to make a soup that does not always come out with the same taste, as even with the same contributing factors such as race, gender, and social, economic, and political pressure, one family can greatly differ from another. The ideology of the nuclear family shape clashed with my family’s more extended and traditional family structure, and upon arrival to the United States from KoreaRead MoreThe Impact Of Family Formation Change On The Cognitive, Social, And Emotional Well Being Of The Next Generation1572 Words   |  7 Pages In â€Å"The Impact of Family Formation Change on the Cognitive, Social, and Emotional Well-Being of the Next Generation in the section by Paul R. Amato, the author argues that single parent families are affected by many different things. This can change the social and emotional well-being of the child, which can lead to bad disciple. Children’s well-being is the issue addressed in â€Å"The Impact of Family Formation Change on the Cognitive, Social, and Emotional Well-Being of the Next Generation† by PaulRead MoreThe Impact Of Family Formation Change On The Cognitive, Social, And Emotional Well Being Of The Next Generation1031 Words   |  5 PagesAmato, P. R. (2005). The impact of family formation change on the cognitive, social, and emotional well-being of the next generation. Journal of Marriage and Child Wellbeing, 15 (2), 75-90. Retrieved from: www.futureofchildren.org. This journal explains that researchers, such as Amato, have several theories that explain why and how children growing up with single parents have an elevated risk of experiencing problems. Some of these problems include cognitive thinking, social interaction and theRead MoreEssay on Our Understanding of Sexuality and Family Formation1213 Words   |  5 PagesOur Understanding of Sexuality and Family Formation The investigations in the determinants of gender and sexuality are ongoing; some are biologically orientated while others believe that they are socially constructed. This essay will discuss the idea that our understanding of sexuality and gender is linked to our understanding of family formations. It will highlight the diversities and the relationships of sexuality, gender and the family. It will also draw attentionRead MoreHow Legal Constraints Affect Marriage And Family Formations1714 Words   |  7 PagesMarriage and Family Formations in Lesbian and Homosexual Couples Anna Gonzales The University of North Florida Word Count: 4364 â€Å"I Would Rather Have a Traditional Wedding†: How Legal Constraints Effect Marriage and Family Formations in Lesbian and Homosexual Couples ABSTRACT Lesbian and homosexual couples, in many ways, have the same familial goals and expectations as heterosexual couples. The question is how they experience and navigate marriage and family formations. The dataRead MoreTrends in Family Formation Supporting Same Sex Marriage 1193 Words   |  5 PagesTrends in family formation are crucial in determining the kind of families that will exist in future generations. It is fact that the father- mother kind of families that have existed for many generations maintained over the years due to the belief that they were the ideal type of family set up. However, the trends in family formation today are changing as a growing number of families are experiencing several challenges such as divorce, single parent situations, financial problems, legal battlesRead MoreThe Eternal City And Her Empire1192 Words   |  5 Pagesmonarchy were destroyed in a Gaelic invasion in c. 390 BC (Livy 5.34-.39). Inexperienced and drafted only in times of war, this milit ia was composed of villagers with very little combat ability, loosely united in common defense of their property and families. It was unorganized and unable to defend against invasion by the Etruscans, who conquered the budding city in the late 600s BC and subjected her to approximately 100 years of monarchal rule (Goldsworthy 6). The last Etruscan king of Rome, TarquiniusRead MoreThe During Battle And The War Wars1654 Words   |  7 PagesFrom thirty to sixty they were expected to raised a family and provide supplies for the community in order to receive their food rations. After the age of sixty they were relieved of their military duty. King Pheidon, a ruler of Argos during the 7th century B.C.E. devised a plan for a new form of Greek fighting. He utilized the already available hoplites and arranged them into a pattern he called a phalanx. A phalanx was a military formation of men where each man crowded close to the man to hisRead MoreSocietal Influence and Identity Formation Essay1058 Words   |  5 Pagespositively, and others have the negative impact on identity formation of people in the modern society. A remarkable role in the process of identity formation is attached to the society, such as media, family and peers, the so-called every-day environment of people. But people should understand that the identity formation is within the person and nobody can distract people from this goal. This essay will focus on the relations between identity formation and societal influence on this current and long processRead MoreIdentity Development in Great Expectations Essay1383 Words   |  6 Pagespartly because Pip is afraid of the convict and also because he feels some sense of sympathy for the convict (Dickens 5). This sympathy is expounded upon when the police conduct a man hunt for the convict, which makes Pip question his loyalty to his family and oddly to the convict, asking himself â€Å"Would he believe that I was both imp and hound in treacherous earnest and had betrayed him?†(Dickens 34) Pips relationship with Joe is somewhat ambiguous. Pip expresses that he ...loved Joe perhaps for

I Dream - 1534 Words

â€Å"All men are created equal†, was proclaimed by our forefathers in the declaration of independence, and is the foundation of the American Dream. Since James Truslow Adams coined the term â€Å"American Dream† in1931 (Wiki), a hope for the fulfillment of â€Å"life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness.† Yet, in this era, the harsh reality of poverty threatened life, restricted liberties, and covered happiness with dust. As FDR put it so well, â€Å"For too many of us life was no longer free; liberty no longer real; men could no longer follow the pursuit of happiness.† (Teslow Lecture) So why would Adams conceive of the â€Å"American Dream† in the midst of the economic disparity in the Great Depression? Perhaps it was because we don’t know what we have until†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"During WWI, wheat brought record-high prices on the world market, and for the next twenty years farmers turned the region into a vast wheat factory† (OOM pg. 675) This destroyed the native grasses and top soil. When the drought and dust storms hit, tens of millions of acres of rich topsoil blew away. A Denver journalist named the worst region near eastern Colorado the â€Å"Dust Bowl†. â€Å"Black blizzards of dust a mile and a half high rolled across the landscape, darkening the sky †¦Dust storms made it difficult to breathe. â€Å"Dust pneumonia â€Å"and other respiratory infections afflicted thousands (OOM pg. 675). â€Å" The photo â€Å"Farmer and Sons in Dust Storm, Cimarron County, Oklahoma, 1936† by Arthur Rothstein (DAP pg. 269), captures the horror of this disaster. A father and his two small sons cover their eyes from the black air that permeat es the photo. They are making their way for cover to a small dilapidated shack the size of a shed. The shack appears to likely provide little protection from the darkness that is filling their lungs. Other than the shack, and the people, the photo shows nothing. The land is barren; there are neither animals nor even roads are shown. The photo leaves us to wonder how they survive, or even if they will. If they were to leave, would they have to do so on foot? With the storms, and the lack of money, they are essentially trapped. Photos like these, as well as literature about the devastation led to national sympathy. FDR tried to address thisShow MoreRelatedCritical Analysis of I Have Dream838 Words   |  4 PagesMartin Luther King s I Have a Dream: Critical Thinking Analysis Charles Briscoe PRST 3301 16 October 2012 In Martin Luther King Jr. s seminal 1963 speech I Have a Dream, King uses a number of critical thinking processes in order to present his argument. On the steps of the Lincoln Memorial, at the height of the Civil Rights Movement, King delivered a speech that is remembered now as one of the most significant pieces of oratory in the 20th century. His call was for blacks and whitesRead MoreA Rhetorical Analysis: of I Have a Dream Essay1484 Words   |  6 PagesIn Martin Luther King’s I Have a Dream speech, King makes use of an innumerable amount of rhetorical devices that augment the overall understanding and flow of the speech. King makes the audience feel an immense amount of emotion due to the outstanding use of pathos in his speech. King also generates a vast use of rhetorical devices including allusion, anaphora, and antithesis. The way that King conducted his speech adds to the comprehension and gives the effect that he wants to rise above the injusticesRead More`` I Have A Dream, And Do Those Dreams Come True?1460 Words   |  6 Pages Who’s in charge of what people dream, and do those dreams come true? Lorraine Hansberry did a great job expressing struggles within an individual family to the society in her play, A Raisin in the Sun. The play â€Å"opened at the Barrymore Theatre in New York on March 11, 1959† (â€Å"Background† par. 1). This was before Martin Luther King Jr.’s â€Å"I Have a Dream Speech† that took place on August 28, 1963; therefore, one could assume that Hansberry was experiencing the fight to gain African Americans’ rightsRead MoreEssay on Analysis of Televsion Show I Dream of Jeannie1145 Words   |  5 Pagesplaced under the microscope and women started to wonder aloud whether they were truly happen being second-rate to their husbands. The television sitcoms of the 1960’s displayed this change in thinking, one sitcom specifically being I Dream of Jeannie. The plot of I Dream of Jeannie centered on an astronaut named Major Tony Nelson and his incidental discovery of a genie in a bottle. This genie, named Jeannie, saves Nelson from the island he is stranded on and she stows away in his luggage to followRead MoreMartin Luther Kings I Have a Dream Speech1849 Words   |  8 Pagesorganized civil rights activities throughout the United States. In August 1963, he led the great march on Washington, where he delivered this memorable speech in front of 250,000 people gathered by the Lincoln Memorial. Martin Luther King Jr. â€Å"I Have a Dream† speech is one of the most memorable speeches that has ever been given. His speech was inspiring and uplifting to many negro citizens of the 1960’s. King presented his speech because even though the Declaration of Independence stated that â€Å"allRead MoreA Career Intuitive, And I See Dream Jobs1139 Words   |  5 Pagesm a career intuitive, and I see dream jobs. When I work with clients, I see their gifts and potentials; what they came here to do; the careers they would love; and where they should live. This information comes to me as photographic images and strong messages that I transmit directly to my clients. Sometimes I see my client s departed loved ones, who come to the session to offer career guidance. This joining of two seemingly disconnected worlds-the divine realms and the world of work-seems to beRead More Rhetorical Analysis of Martin Luther Kings I Have A Dream Speech987 Words   |  4 PagesIn a period of time where few were willing to listen, Martin Luther King, Jr. stood proudly, gathered and held the attention of over 200,000 people. Martin Luther King, Jr.’s â€Å"I Have a Dream† speech was very effective and motivational for African Americans in 1963. Many factors affected Kings’ speech in a very positive manner; the great emotion behind the words, delivering the speech on the steps of the memorial of the President who defeated slavery. And not only was this message beautifully writtenRead MoreLiterary Techniques of Martin Luther Kings I Have a Dream Speech1223 Words   |  5 PagesFrom the steps of the Lincoln Memorial more than forty years ago, Martin Luther King electrified America with his momentous I Have a Dream speech. This speech demande d racial justice towards the mistreated black community of America. The theme of the speech was that all humans were created equal and that this should be the case for the future of America. Kings words proved to touch the hearts of millions of people and gave the nation a vocabulary to express what was happening to the black AmericansRead MoreRhetorical Analysis of Martin Luther Kings I Have A Dream Speech810 Words   |  4 Pages1963. He delivered the â€Å"I Have a dream† speech on the Lincoln Memorial steps. He verbalized this speech to millions of people blacks and whites. This is one of the greatest speeches because it has many elements like repetition, assonance and consonance, pathos, logos, and ethos. Repetition in M.L.K.’s Speech Martin Luther King uses a lot of repetition in his speech. They are scattered throughout but very close. One of the repetitions in his speech is â€Å"I have a dream.† He uses this phraseRead MoreI Have a Dream Speech by Dr. Martin L. King, Jr.1129 Words   |  5 Pageson the speech †I Have a Dream† by Martin L. King, Jr. August 28, 1963 was a day that will never be forgotten, in particular not by the citizens of Washington, DC. The city where the great Lincoln memorial gazes across the reflecting pool. Where Lincoln himself, recreated in stone, is looking at the visitors of the city as a president who will never leave his position. At exactly that day and exactly that spot Martin Luther King, Jr. delivered his most famous speech â€Å"I Have a Dream†. Martin Luther

Descriptive Essay - A Distasteful Journey - 1310 Words

A Distasteful Journey The sun wrapped my body in its warm blanket. It extended its radiant arms to the surface, illuminating my surroundings. The slight breeze flowed through my hair and encompassed my entire figure in order to reverse the toasty effects of that ball of heat from above. The wind and warmth worked together in harmony without overpowering one another, helping to establish comfort. Finally, the weather was perfect – ideal temperatures and beautiful, clear skies. With a sunny and cool day, it was a relief that Athens was not cursed with scorching temperatures or with an incessant downpour of spontaneous rain. I wished I could turn back time and pause this moment in order to immerse myself in nature’s scenic beauty. However, I†¦show more content†¦The traffic was a river where vehicles swiftly flowed past and merged into one large blur. Too many things were occurring simultaneously that I could not focus on every detail of my surroundings. Comforted by my pre-constructed schedule and map, I felt at ease walking through this enormous jungle despite its overwhelming energy. If I arrived in Athens unprepared, I undoubtedly would have walked aimlessly throughout the city’s maze. Although I possessed the directions to my destination, my anxiety progressively increased as the mood of my surrounding slowly changed. I had turned onto a dark, creepy street, which almost seemed uninhabited. Although there were cars parked on the side of the road, the sight of vehicles driving down the street was a rare one. Was I even on the right street? What if I’m in the bad part of town, I nervously thought. I had barely seen a person in the past minute, except for the occasional smokers and homeless people off to the side. My pace quickened as if I was being sought by a predator and needed to hurriedly reach a safe haven (or, in my case, Insomnia Cookies). However, the cookie shop was more difficult to locate than I had imagined. It seemed as if they camouflaged themselves by squeezing in between two larger buildings, which led me to walk right past it; there were no bright, noticeable colors or logos to catch my attention. I had originally thought the shop wasShow Mor eRelatedStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesDeviance: Bucking the Hierarchy? 506 Case Incident 2 Siemens’ Simple Structure—Not 506 4 16 The Organization System Organizational Culture 511 What Is Organizational Culture? 512 A Definition of Organizational Culture 512 †¢ Culture Is a Descriptive Term 514 †¢ Do Organizations Have Uniform Cultures? 514 †¢ Strong versus Weak Cultures 514 †¢ Culture versus Formalization 515 What Do Cultures Do? 516 Culture’s Functions 516 †¢ Culture Creates Climate 516 †¢ Culture as a Liability 517 Creating andRead MoreFundamentals of Hrm263904 Words   |  1056 Pages Disney finds that its image helps attract and retain good employees—which is a hallmark of their success (Source: Brad Barket/Getty Images, Inc.) 136 Chapter 6 Recruiting Job Attractiveness If the position to be filled is difficult, distasteful, or unattractive, recruiting a large and qualified pool of applicants will be difficult. In recent years, for instance, many employers have been complaining about the difficulty of finding suitably qualified individuals for manual labor positions

My Beliefs, Values, and Clinical Gestalt with Individuals and System’s Paper Free Essays

My Beliefs, Values, and Clinical Gestalt with Individuals and System’s Paper University of Phoenix HSBS 321 December 16, 2010 My Beliefs, Values, and Clinical Gestalt with Individuals and System’s Paper Introduction Working as a Clinician does not just require education. It requires a thorough look into your own values and beliefs. Working as a clinician also requires dignity, the capability of remaining humble, a good set of ethical standards and a big heart when it comes to helping others in need. We will write a custom essay sample on My Beliefs, Values, and Clinical Gestalt with Individuals and System’s Paper or any similar topic only for you Order Now One of the most important things about being a clinician is maintaining the capability to be aware of your own feelings. To be an effective clinician, you must be able to set aside your own personal feelings and beliefs and in turn focus on the client instead of your own personal beliefs. In this paper, I am going to talk about personal assumptions of clinical helping, how it relates to my own personal beliefs, values, past experiences. I am also going to talk about the larger societal and systems contexts of my life, and the types of clients I work with.I am also going to add some of my personal insights about the strengths that I have and the areas I need work on. Personal Assumptions of Clinical Helping â€Å"The term ‘clinical psychology’ was introduced in 1907 by the American psychologist, Lightner Witmer (1867–1956), who distinguished it from other uses of psychology as the study of individuals, by observation or experimentation, with the intention of promoting change. † (BPS 2005 p. 1) When I first read this paragraph I was unsure if it was exactly what I wanted to pu t in for this particular section, however, I agree with this 100 percent. Clinical helping is designed to promote change. The word psychology was defined by Wilhelm Wundt who is also considered the father of psychology as â€Å"the study of individuals, by observation or experimentation, with the intention of promoting change. † Personal Beliefs of Helping I have always tried to base the way I live my life around the â€Å"Golden Rule†. I personally enjoy helping people work through their issues, and strive to help people become better human beings.There have been plenty of times in the past where people have had to step in and help me with an emotional problem that I may have been going through, whether it was the loss of my Father or when I went through my divorce. The simple fact of the matter is that I belief it is my turn to take time and return the favor to someone that may need a helping hand. I chose to get into the Human Service profession, not because I want to be rich, but because I choose to help people that cross my path on a day -to-day basis. Values When determining what personal values are I had to get a clear definition. Personal values and value systems are closely related to attitudes and behavior (Madrigal and Kahle, 1994). According to Rokeach (1973), values consist of cognitive, affective and behavioral components. He suggests that: ‘When we say that a person has a value, we may have in mind either his beliefs concerning desirable modes of conduct or desirable end-states of existence. We will refer to these two kinds of values as instrumental and terminal values†. (Rokeach, 1973, p. 7). Values represent abstract ideals and are stable over time.After a review of the relevant literature, Schwartz and Bilsky (1987, p. 551) concluded that: ‘Values are (a) concepts or beliefs, (b) about desirable end states or behaviors, (c) that transcend specific situations, (d) guide selection or evaluation of behavior and events, and (e) are ordered by relative importance’. According to the same authors (1987, 1990), values represent three universal human requirements, including biologically based needs, social interactional needs for interpersonal coordination and social institutional needs for group welfare and survival.As a result, values can be seen at an individual or an institutional level. This confirms Rokeach’s (1973) categories of socially shared cognitive representations of personal needs and socially shared cognitive representations of group goals and demands (Madrigal and Kahle, 1994). † Past Experiences I have only dealt with a clinician two t imes in my entire life. I was forced to go to a family therapist when I was going through a divorce.At this particular moment I did not want to be in that office and my now ex-wife and the clinician were taking turns beating up on me. This is the point in my life where I said I would never go through this again, and I thought that the clinician was only out to collect a paycheck from the insurance company. The second time however, I chose to take my present wife and children to see a completely different clinician and she was able to help us work out our problems and show us different ways to talk to our children.Shortly after this, I decided that I wanted to go into the field of helping people. I decided that life was very valuable and that if I could show someone how to better his or her family I was going to do it. Conclusion In 2007, it was the tenth leading cause of death in the U. S. , accounting for 34,598 deaths. The overall rate was 11. 3 suicide deaths per 100,000 people. Estimated 11-attempted suicides occur per every suicide death. (National Institute of Mental Health [NIMH], 2007, para. )This number is too high, and the best way to implement that is to work with clinicians to help them understand that every life is important and they need to deal with each case not just on a educated level, but on a personal level. Working as a clinician is a challenge that requires people to live their lives based off their personal values, ethical values, and follow their belief system without crossing the boundaries and forcing them on their client. My personal model of helping people is based off the fact that I have been helped in the past.There are a ReferenceCLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY. (2008). In Dictionary of Forensic Psychology. Retrieved from com/entry/willanfp/clinical_psychology†http://www. credoreference. com/entry/willanfp/clinical_psychologyNational Institute of Mental Health. (2007). Suicide in The U. S. (NIH 06-4596). Retrieved from www. nimh. nih. gov: shtml†http://www. nimh. nih. gov/health/publications/suicide-in-the-us-statistics-and-prevention/index. shtml How to cite My Beliefs, Values, and Clinical Gestalt with Individuals and System’s Paper, Papers

Power goes to teachers students and discipline Essay Example For Students

Power goes to teachers students and discipline Essay For at least two decades discipline has been at or near the top of the list of public concerns about our schools.1 Nor should this surprise us; developing the mix of foresight, judgement, and self-control that enables (or perhaps just constitutes) discipline is an important task of childhood. As long as schools are places where part of a childs education takes place, helping children develop discipline will be one of the problems that is, legitimate tasks that schools face. However, when used in school-talk, discipline often is translated into terms of control and power, not development or education. Discipline is often, perhaps usually, synonymous with classroom management. This sense of discipline-as-control will not seem strange to anyone who has read Michel Foucault, especially his Discipline and Punish.2 On his view, when we begin talking of the problem of discipline, we are really asking about the power relationships3 that exist within schools. Specifically, we should be asking what form of power4 we face, for power is multi-faceted. Foucault analyzes two forms of power in detail: sovereign and disciplinary. So let us examine each in turn. As Foucault describes in the first part of Discipline and Punish, sovereign power is that form expressed in recognizable ways through particular and identifiable individuals. The nodes of this form of power are the king, the prince, and the agents thereof. These individuals are visible agents of power, known by others and by themselves to be such. Sovereign power is also typified by the intermittency with which it is exercised. It assesses taxes, enforces the law by exacting penalties for violations thereof, raises armies in time of war, and so on. But each of these cases where sovereign power flexes is discrete; it acts in response to a certain set of circumstances and through a specific and identifiable agent or set of agents. When sovereign power operates, we know that we have been acted upon, in what ways, and by whom. The complement to this is the understanding that most of ones life is beyond the control of the sovereign. It is more difficult to ascertain the precise nature of disciplinary power since one of its distinguishing features is the swiftness and lightness with which it acts, thus rendering it substantially less visible than sovereign power. Briefly, we can state three differences: (1) sovereign power operates through specific visible agents; disciplinary power is diffuse in its operation, coming from everywhere and acting on everyone; (2) because of its visibility, sovereign power is susceptible to resistance, while disciplinary power, invisible and all-pervasive, is difficult to locate, and therefore difficult to resist; and (3) while sovereign power affects only a small portion of an individuals life, disciplinary power affects virtually all aspects of living, subjecting everyone to the possibility of surveillance at all times. First of all, the disciplinary society controls not through the direct application of power by the sovereign or his agent, but through an impersonal and invisible gaze. The efficiency of disciplinary power is closely related to its invisibility compared with the visible sovereign. For disciplinary power to be effective, it is the subject, not the power, which must be seen. This relationship of visibility and invisibility is reciprocal; for the subject to be disciplined, it must be visible, at least potentially, to the disciplinary gaze, and know itself to be; at the same time, the gaze must actually be invisible so that it is effective even when it is not actually turned on an individual. Its totalizing power lies precisely in its universal potentiality, combined with the impossibility of verifiability. The second advantage gained when the dominant form of power shifted from sovereign to disciplinary results from the key elements of its effectiveness: lightness, speed, and subtlety, which result in invisibility.5 This invisibility of disciplinary power makes resistance and/or revolt against it substantially less likely and more difficult than was the case with sovereign power. This is simply because there is no single or visible locus of disciplinary power against which to direct ones resistance; disciplinary power is simply everywhere.6 In one sense, this might seem to make resistance easier there are so many opportunities to resist. .ua5ece038e14dd1925cc551d2d612f673 , .ua5ece038e14dd1925cc551d2d612f673 .postImageUrl , .ua5ece038e14dd1925cc551d2d612f673 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ua5ece038e14dd1925cc551d2d612f673 , .ua5ece038e14dd1925cc551d2d612f673:hover , .ua5ece038e14dd1925cc551d2d612f673:visited , .ua5ece038e14dd1925cc551d2d612f673:active { border:0!important; } .ua5ece038e14dd1925cc551d2d612f673 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ua5ece038e14dd1925cc551d2d612f673 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ua5ece038e14dd1925cc551d2d612f673:active , .ua5ece038e14dd1925cc551d2d612f673:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ua5ece038e14dd1925cc551d2d612f673 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ua5ece038e14dd1925cc551d2d612f673 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ua5ece038e14dd1925cc551d2d612f673 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ua5ece038e14dd1925cc551d2d612f673 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ua5ece038e14dd1925cc551d2d612f673:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ua5ece038e14dd1925cc551d2d612f673 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ua5ece038e14dd1925cc551d2d612f673 .ua5ece038e14dd1925cc551d2d612f673-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ua5ece038e14dd1925cc551d2d612f673:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Objections to the first formulation of Kant's Cate Essay But power .

Literature Review for Cyber Security for Business - myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theLiterature Review for Cyber Security for Business. Answer: Literature Review Introduction Cyber security is one of the key aspects in the contemporary business environment. With businesses more inclined to work over cloud and getting their data transferred from physical locations to cloud cyber security has become one of the major aspects that needs to be taken into account. Most of the businesses at the present moment are highly focused on cyber security since with bigger opportunities comes big risks. The cloud based service provision have affected the security of the data and this has compelled the organisations to think about cyber security and the key challenges it faces which are extremely important to be analysed in order to get the best possible solution for them. It cannot be denied that cyber security is still one of the biggest challenges that organisations have to face and many organisations are at loss of ideas regarding the persistent threat of cyber crime and data theft. In the recent past there have been significant cases of cyber crime which has affected the business as well as the market condition that provides reasons to analyse the key challenges the cyber security poses for the businesses in the market (Rabai et al., 2013). The present literature section will analyse the key challenges of cyber security for businesses with the help of the existing works which would be critically analysed to come to a conclusion. Cyber Security and its importance In the era of artificial intelligence businesses have become more competitive and in this highly competitive market environment organisations have failed to keep up with the constant pressure of security. Cyber security could be defined as the process and technology and a form of technical practice designed to protect networks. This is computer program or a technical security strategy which helps to protect networks, computers, programs and data from attack, damage or unauthorised access. The cyber security is an important aspect in the contemporary business since business data has become electronic which clearly shows that there is a huge possibility of data theft and system attacks. With the emergence of new technologies it could be said that business risks have increased that needs to be effectively managed in order to focus on improving the overall business process (Chen, Chiang and Storey, 2012). The growing importance of information technology in business have also increased th e importance of security especially of the information system used in the organisations which would make sure the business is competitive and not vulnerable in terms of data. Big data is the talk of the town and most of the organisations in the global business environment use big data to suffice their information requirement and develop effective business strategy, and this is where the aspect of cyber security comes into the picture. The cyber security system is essential for business as it provides the basic level of security to the information system and the data of an organisation which are mostly classified and could affect their business stance in the market in case of data spillage. Hence it could be said that the main role of cyber security in business is to provide effective security to all kind of electronic data (OConnell, 2012). A variety of information is stored in the database of the companies and hence it is important for the organisations to focus on safeguarding them which could be only done with effective cyber security. The cyber security is important to take care of the security of the overall information system of an organisation. Network security must be paramount within the organisation and hence cyber security becomes essential to be implemented effectively within the system. Social security numbers, passwords and passcodes are certain ways to manage the information in the organisation. The cyber security implemented in the business is considered as the ultimate security system of the organisation. The constantly evolving business environment in this highly competitive business environment creates bigger risks for the organisations in the online environment (Morrow, 2012). Greater connectivity with the emergence of the new technology creates bigger avenues for the hackers and scammers and hence i t is important for the organisations to have certain effective strategy in place to make sure businesses are able to safeguard the information of the organisation cyber security is extremely effective. A major challenge today for business organisations is how to utilise the disruptive technology and manage security in this always on connectivity. Since the reliance on information technology has increased significantly it has also increased the risks for the businesses to work in cyberspace and hence cyber security has become important over the years. It cannot be denied that the traditional role of the IT professionals have bees stressed due to the rapid advancements in the IT industry and this where enhanced understanding of cyber security is required by the professionals to help the businesses to maneuver cyber risks (Katal, Wazid and Goudar, 2013). The importance of cyber security is far broader than what it seems of being merely working as a shield to protect data from hacking and cyber attacks, but it is also very important to secure mobile data, mobile environments and the cloud environment of the organisation as well. Since everything in a network system is interconnected it becomes important to protect each and every device and software as well which helps to have an overall protection on the information system. In the recent past the importance of cyber security has increased due to the increase in the cyber breaches of the business organisation that can be only mitigated and terminated with the help of strong cyber security that is composed of security devices and software allowing the organisation to have overall and a compact system of cyber security protecting the data and databases as well as the devices in dire needs (Von Solms and Van Niekerk, 2013). The protection of sensitive data, intellectual property and digit al assets is important more than ever and hence the importance of cyber security is important to be there in the organisation more than ever. The wider aim of cyber security is to enhance the experience of the employees at the workplace by providing effective protection on the data and making the network purely glitch free and smooth. It also focuses on reducing or eliminating the vulnerability of the system and making it completely protected (Sadeghi, Wachsmann and Waidner, 2015). Challenges in cyber security for businesses Even though cyber security has developed over the years this has been a prevalent problem for most of the organisations. There are many companies all across the world who still finds cyber security a conundrum due to its multifaceted characteristics. There are companies who still focus on the development of the cyber security concept. The top multinational companies have understood the problem and the challenges of cyber security which are pretty important to be addressed in order to make sure they are handled to good effect. It is important for the companies to realise how to measure risk in the realm of security as businesses are becoming digital at rapid pace. In the digital era cyber security can come from different points and hence the possible cyber security challenges need to be discussed effectively in order to address the key objective of the study. The different challenges in cyber security are: The first challenges that most of the organisations are facing today in cyber security is malware. Malwares are malicious software and could creep in the system easily without any resistance. The malwares are such powerful programs who can multiply the viruses in the computer and could give nightmare to the system administrators. Most of the cyber criminals achieve their goal through malwares. They could get into the system very easily though emails or other kind of programs which businesses need daily and also infect the system and the files and make it available to the hacker (Sharda, Delen and Turban, 2013). It is important to make sure that the cyber security system is built with firewalls and defenders which would help to prevent malwares from infecting the files. The malware plays a strong hand in the cyber security incidents and hence it is important to manage the systems in such a way malwares are properly detected. The remote access Trojans is a form of malwares which sit in the system but they remain oblivious to the system and the administrators which impact the overall system and hence it is important to make sure endpoint detection response is implemented which helps to make sure the sharing of data done by the hidden malware is identified and eliminated (OConnell, 2012). USB encryption is another key aspect that is considered as challenges in cyber security. This is one aspect that still hasnt found answers. When the external devices are attached with the office system it becomes extremely important to encrypt data in a certain way that data cannot be taken from the office system to another system which could be hostile in nature. Cyber security for organisations is yet to find the right solution to this. When connecting to the end point it is important to properly encrypt the information sent to the other device to make sure the data is safe and secured (Rabai et al., 2013). Data loss prevention is another challenge for the cyber security system in the businesses. Most small and medium scale businesses do not have proper security in the organisation to assure data loss prevention. It is imperative that organisations have stronger system that could help to develop strategies to safeguard data and ensure prevention of data loss. Even recovery of the lost data remains a problem for the organisations and hence it is important develop the cyber security strategy in such a way that it allows the organisation to prevent data loss (Bouayad et al., 2012). Emergency response is one of the major aspects of cyber security and it is important for the organisations to have a strong emergency response strategy and team that would be able to cope up with the initial pressure of cyber breach. Cyber breach can be detected only when the cyber security system is in active state all the time as well as the emergency response team understands their prime role in the organisation which would help the organisation to make sure data theft and hacking is prevented. Almost every company frowns on the fact that they dont have effective ERT which can affect the overall system of cyber security due to improper follow up and hence this stands to be one of the key challenges that cyber security faces in the contemporary business environment (Morrow, 2012). The latest challenge that has emerged in the world of cyber security is proper safeguarding of the mobile device management. There are more number of mobile devices attached to the system more than ever and hence it is important to develop a strong cyber security strategy where effective security provision will be possible even for the mobile devices. It could be said that cyber security devices and software will have to be configured in such a way that there range and reach is effective even for the mobile devices connected to a network which would ensure effective safety and security for the devices as well as for the business. With the increase in the cloud service and big data availability companies need to enhance their overall cyber security which would help to manage the safety and security of the data and make sure that the organisations are able to work effectively over a network without any possible risks attached with the business (OConnell, 2012). Chapter Summary From the present critical evaluation it is very clear that in the contemporary business environment cyber security faces serious challenges that need to be eliminated effectively in order to get the best possible result out of its application. It could be said that challenges like encryption and emergency response are serious and it is important for the organisations especially the small and medium scale businesses to make sure strategies are effectively developed to mitigate their impact and secure data and information system in the organisation. Proper training and development and cyber security awareness is extremely important to implement successful cyber security system in an organisation. References Bouayad, A., Blilat, A., Mejhed, N.E.H. and El Ghazi, M., 2012, October. Cloud computing: security challenges. InInformation Science and Technology (CIST), 2012 Colloquium in(pp. 26-31). IEEE. Cavelty, M.D. and Balzacq, T. eds., 2016.Routledge handbook of security studies. Routledge. Cheminod, M., Durante, L. and Valenzano, A., 2013. Review of security issues in industrial networks.IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics,9(1), pp.277-293. Chen, H., Chiang, R.H. and Storey, V.C., 2012. Business intelligence and analytics: From big data to big impact.MIS quarterly,36(4). Fernandes, D.A., Soares, L.F., Gomes, J.V., Freire, M.M. and Incio, P.R., 2014. Security issues in cloud environments: a survey.International Journal of Information Security,13(2), pp.113-170. Gupta, B., Agrawal, D.P. and Yamaguchi, S. eds., 2016.Handbook of research on modern cryptographic solutions for computer and cyber security. IGI Global. Katal, A., Wazid, M. and Goudar, R.H., 2013, August. Big data: issues, challenges, tools and good practices. InContemporary Computing (IC3), 2013 Sixth International Conference on(pp. 404-409). IEEE. McGettrick, A., Cassel, L.N., Dark, M., Hawthorne, E.K. and Impagliazzo, J., 2014, March. Toward curricular guidelines for cybersecurity. InProceedings of the 45th ACM technical symposium on Computer science education(pp. 81-82). ACM. Morrow, B., 2012. BYOD security challenges: control and protect your most sensitive data.Network Security,2012(12), pp.5-8. OConnell, M.E., 2012. Cyber security without cyber war.Journal of Conflict and Security Law,17(2), pp.187-209. Rabai, L.B.A., Jouini, M., Aissa, A.B. and Mili, A., 2013. A cybersecurity model in cloud computing environments.Journal of King Saud University-Computer and Information Sciences,25(1), pp.63-75. Sadeghi, A.R., Wachsmann, C. and Waidner, M., 2015, June. Security and privacy challenges in industrial internet of things. InDesign Automation Conference (DAC), 2015 52nd ACM/EDAC/IEEE(pp. 1-6). IEEE. Sharda, R., Delen, D. and Turban, E., 2013.Business Intelligence: A Managerial Perspective on Analytics. Prentice Hall Press. Singer, P.W. and Friedman, A., 2014.Cybersecurity: What Everyone Needs to Know. Oxford University Press. Singhal, M., Chandrasekhar, S., Ge, T., Sandhu, R., Krishnan, R., Ahn, G.J. and Bertino, E., 2013. Collaboration in multicloud computing environments: Framework and security issues.Computer,46(2), pp.76-84. Von Solms, R. and Van Niekerk, J., 2013. From information security to cyber security.computers security,38, pp.97-102.

Invasion of a cornfield Essay Example For Students

Invasion of a cornfield Essay In 1641 Japan, the Daiymo, lieutenant to the Shogun, ordered Dutch traders to be quarantined on an artificial island off the coast of Nagasaki. The Daiymo called his island Deshima. In 1990, the Mickery Theatre of the Netherlands commissioned Ping Chong to create a theatre piece commemorating the centennial of the death of Vincent van Gogh. Chong called his piece Deshima. How did the experimental theatremaker, whose work abounds in rich and unexpected juxtapositions, make the leap from a 19th-century Dutch post-impressionist to the historic culture clash of East and West? We will write a custom essay on Invasion of a cornfield specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now When the van Gogh centennial committee offered Chong the Mickery commission, they expected a poetic, highly visual multimedia tribute to the artist. And indeed, Chong describes Deshima as a poetic documentary, a prismatic exploration, if not exactly a tribute. Work on the piece was already underway in 1987 when the Yasuda Fire and Marine Insurance Company bought van Goghs Sunflowers for a record $30.9 million. Van Gogh in exile This transaction stirred widespread speculation about the problematic relationship between Japan and the West, between art as aesthetic object and art as commodityand propelled Chong on his leap to Deshima. Fascinated by the Japanese economic colonization of the West, Chong began to see van Gogh as the inheritor of the exile at Deshima, a symbol of the other, a stranger and outcast controlled by economic forces beyond his command. This month at New Yorks La Mama ETC (with the assistance of the Rockefeller Foundation and a grant from the National Endowment for the Arts), Ping Chong and Company will revisit Deshima, creating a new version of what it calls a meditation on the effects of politics, trade, religion, art and racism on the formation of the modern world. Chongs allusive landscape will explore the nature of imperialism, the paradigms of culture and the inevitable clash resulting from intercultural interactionthemes that are particularly pertinent to audiences in the increasingly diverse America of the 1990s. Deshima takes on these issues from a variety of angles: It surveys the complex and tragic history of East-West relations, including the colonization of the East by the Dutch East India Company, the conversion of the Japanese by Portuguese Jesuits (and the subsequent martyrdom in the early 18th century of both missionaries and converts at the hands of the Japanese), the interaction of Dutch merchants and Japanese soldiers in Indonesia and Java, the internment of Japanese-Americans during World War II, the development and deployment of the atomic bomb, the reemergence of Japan as an economic force and, finally, the commodification of van Goghs Sunflowers. In his characteristic blend of text, sound, light and movement, Chong fractures time and space to discover this plot, making use of English, Japanese, Dutch, French, Javanese and Indonesian languages. With the exception of the Narrator (played here and in the original Utrecht production by African American Michael Matthews), all the actors are of Asian descent. Chong makes pointed use of this cross-cultural casting to highlight the irony and insidiousness of the racism inherent in East-West interaction: Non-whites play such Anglo roles as the Dutch Ambassador, the missionary Jesuits and the colonial governors, and van Gogh himself is played by a woman, a child and a black man simultaneously. Some aspects of the original European staging will be missing from the La Mama production. In Utrecht, by a happy confluence of money and space, Deshima was staged with the audience in motion on a hydraulic boxcar. They began amidst rice-paper shoji screens and ended engulfed by van Goghs turbulent final painting, Crows in the Cornfield. Rarely is a theatre audience so literally and vividly immersed in foreign worlds. The metaphor of travel is apropos. As Chong notes, Describing my work, I have always used the metaphor of traveling to a foreign country, where you might have unexpected experiences or see something you dont understand. But like visiting a foreign country, the more you see it, the more familiar it gets. .u2d78796c018f0fb631ec744d71aea1e5 , .u2d78796c018f0fb631ec744d71aea1e5 .postImageUrl , .u2d78796c018f0fb631ec744d71aea1e5 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u2d78796c018f0fb631ec744d71aea1e5 , .u2d78796c018f0fb631ec744d71aea1e5:hover , .u2d78796c018f0fb631ec744d71aea1e5:visited , .u2d78796c018f0fb631ec744d71aea1e5:active { border:0!important; } .u2d78796c018f0fb631ec744d71aea1e5 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u2d78796c018f0fb631ec744d71aea1e5 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u2d78796c018f0fb631ec744d71aea1e5:active , .u2d78796c018f0fb631ec744d71aea1e5:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u2d78796c018f0fb631ec744d71aea1e5 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u2d78796c018f0fb631ec744d71aea1e5 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u2d78796c018f0fb631ec744d71aea1e5 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u2d78796c018f0fb631ec744d71aea1e5 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u2d78796c018f0fb631ec744d71aea1e5:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u2d78796c018f0fb631ec744d71aea1e5 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u2d78796c018f0fb631ec744d71aea1e5 .u2d78796c018f0fb631ec744d71aea1e5-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u2d78796c018f0fb631ec744d71aea1e5:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Dramatic irony EssaySelf-portrait on a keychain   Not everyone appreciated the encounter with the unexpected. The 1990 Deshima was received with admiration by international audiences but with anger by many Dutch critics. The reason seemed patently political. While many Western powers, like Britain and the U.S., are quite used to being criticized for imperialism, the Dutch are not. Amsterdam has always been considered a haven for creative expatriates, whom the Dutch government has generously supported and encouraged. Yet during the van Gogh centenary, the Netherlands proved to be as mercenary about exploiting its native son as the Spanish and Italians have been about Columbus. Wandering through Amsterdam that year, one was surrounded by endlessly duplicated images of van Goghs self-portrait on cheap keychains, coffee mugs and bottles of wine. Once again, art as commodity. Deshima exposes this capitalistic exploitation of a visionary artist tragically neglected in his own day. In a typical Chong-style time warp, a sort of contemporary street person van Gogh (dressed as the Sower after Millet) pitifully hawks color postcards of his great works as a logo reading In the Name of the Profit is projected behind him. After displaying his wares, van Gogh decides, Its time to go. He shambles into the next set, a stunning lifesize vision of Crows in the Cornfield. Stagehands attentively surround the destitute painter with models of the paintings portentous birds as an intrusive steam train chugs across the far horizon and a cadre of Japanese schoolgirls marches purposefully through the shimmering field.

Compare and Contrast the Response of Economic Policymakers to the Great Depression of the 1930’s and the Great Financial Crisis Today. Essay Example

Compare and Contrast the Response of Economic Policymakers to the Great Depression of the 1930’s and the Great Financial Crisis Today. Essay Example Compare and Contrast the Response of Economic Policymakers to the Great Depression of the 1930’s and the Great Financial Crisis Today. Essay Compare and Contrast the Response of Economic Policymakers to the Great Depression of the 1930’s and the Great Financial Crisis Today. Essay David Pattinson ‘Industrialisation, Imperialism and Globalisation: The World Economy since 1800’ Professor John Singleton Compare and contrast the response of economic policymakers to the Great Depression of the 1930’s and the Great Financial Crisis today. Essay 2 10/1/13 Word count: 2,299 The financial crisis that began in 2007-8 was the first time since the 1930’s that both the major European countries and the US had been involved in a financial crisis. In comparison, the disastrous 1931 banking crisis involved countries that accounted for 55. 6 per cent of world GDP, whereas the banking crisis of 2007-8 only involved countries that accounted for 33. 5 per cent of world GDP. Though, all the key economic variables fell at a faster rate during the first year of the later crisis. Keynes had argued in 1931 that ‘there is a possibility that when this crisis is looked back upon by the economic historian of the future it will be seen to mark one the major turning points. ’ Keynes was correct. As a result of the lessons that were learned, policy in response to the Great Financial Crisis has contrasted sharply with policy during the Great Depression era. I will examine how national policy responses and international co-operation have differed, as well as highlighting how in creating the Euro, policymakers have unwittingly replicated many of the structural weaknesses of the Gold Standard. I will also consider how policy in the recovery phase has so far compared to policy during the recovery from the Great Depression. The Great Depression was marked by bank failures. A total of 9,096 banks failed between 1930 and 1933 amounting to 2. 0% of GDP. Friedman and Schwartz highlight the failure to increase the money supply whilst liquidity was tight as the primary cause. Bordo and Landon-Lane provide econometric analysis using examiners’ reports on failed banks that support this argument. Epstein and Ferguson have suggested that Federal Reserve officials understood that monetary conditions were tight but believed that a contraction was a necessary corrective. The otion that governments should ‘let nature take its course’ formed a central pillar of the contemporary economic orthodoxy. However, other economic historians have pointed out that Federal officials believed that monetary policy was actually loose, due to them conflating low nominal interest rates with low real interest rates (which were high as a result of deflation). Wicker argues that Federal Reserve officials feared that o pen market purchases would renew gold outflow by bring into question the Federal Reserve’s commitment to maintaining gold convertibility. When faced with a policy choice the Federal Reserve always opted to support the Gold Standard. Rather than shore up the battered banking system, the Federal Reserve raised interest rates during late 1931 and the winter of 1932-3 to protect the dollar from speculation in order to halt gold losses. Regardless of the deficiencies of Federal Reserve policy, the US entered the 1930’s with a poorly regulated banking system that was undercapitalised and based on unit banking. Calomiris and Mason argue that eventually, banking collapse would have been inevitable. In general, economists argue that the depth of the downturn is explained by the monetary shocks interacting with the dramatic falls in demand (that emanated from the collapse in investment and consumption). Loss of income and uncertain employment conditions combined to undermine consumer spending, whilst there was little incentive to invest while prices were falling. Deflation also increased the burden of existing debt. Fiscal policy did not fill the gap in demand as belief in the Gold Standard and balanced budgets prevailed. A coherent theoretical justification for expansionary fiscal policy was absent from the contemporary economic discourse. Expansionary fiscal policy remained unused, even after states left the Gold Standard. In Europe, fears of inflation weighed heavy on the minds of policymakers. The dominant view in Washington was that over-production was responsible for the crisis. Consequently, the New Deal spending was funded by tax increases. Roosevelt concentrated on limiting competition, sharing work and promoting high wages in order to increase purchasing power. Cole and Ohanian argue that these policies undermined the recovery by raising real wages and unemployment. The consensus view is that, by subordinating monetary and fiscal policy towards maintaining gold parity, the Gold Standard transmitted the crisis to the rest of the world. The return to the Gold Standard, after the First World War, was unbalanced. Countries such as France and Belgium joined at exchange rates that were well below their 1913 levels which gave them a substantial competitive advantage. Conversely, after a deflationary squeeze, the UK re-joined at its 1913 exchange rates, leaving the sterling over-valued. The US and France exasperated the problem, by sterilising (so not to inflate the money supply) the gold that they accumulated (sixty per cent of the world’s gold supply by 1928). The lack of reserves forced many countries into further deflation. The world economy could only be kept going by the US economy continuing to absorb imports and provide international lending to cover gold shortages. By 1928, the US proved unwilling to do the latter and was eventually unable to do the former. During the depression, this austerity debilitated economies and resulted in banking collapses, notably in Germany and Austria. In response to the systemic threat posed by the imminent German banking collapse, the nations in a position to offer assistance acted unilaterally. President Hoover proposed a one year moratorium on reparations and war debt. The French, furious at the lack of consultation opposed the measure, believing that they lost more than they gained. Instead, they made an offer of help to the Germans that attached political conditions that made it impossible for the Germans to accept. Ultimately, international co-operation proved impossible as states that were able to help were unwilling to risk their own privileged positions. Between 1929 and 1932, the volume of world trade fell by 25%, about half of which was due to higher trade barriers. The Smoot-Hawley Act in 1930 is often cited as the genesis of protectionist policies, but Irwin points out that the protectionist avalanche did not begin until the world financial crisis struck in 1931. Irwin locates the incipience of this round of protectionism in the ‘open economy trilemma’ which limits countries to choosing two of three objectives: a fixed exchange rate, an independent monetary policy, and open trade policies. In attempting to marry membership of the Gold Standard with independent monetary policy, policymakers adopted protectionist measures. Countries that maintained gold parity such as France and Switzerland used import quotas on 50-60% of their imports. Whereas, the Sterling block countries which allowed their currencies to devalue, only used import quotas on 5-10% of their imports. In the wake of the financial meltdown, policymakers in the US attempted significant banking reform with the Emergency Banking Act in 1933 followed by the Banking Acts of 1933 and 1935. Deposit insurance was created, and it brought an end to bank runs. The Reconstruction Finance Corporation was formed to provide capital to banks. It was successful to the extent that it owned stock in nearly half of all commercial banks by March 1934. Investment and commercial banking were separated, though White has provided evidence that banks that engaged in both commercial and investment banking were better diversified and were less likely to fail than banks that specialised in just one area. Calomiris also sees the legislation as flawed, as it preserved unit banking, which was a major source of instability in the banking system. The Great Depression altered economic thinking and policy. Hannah and Temin argue that it led to an emphasis on correcting market failures through government intervention. Federal spending rose, and inter-state transfers became acceptable. Though, unlike the UK, there was no move to Keynesian demand management in the US. The Great Depression also left a legacy in terms of the macroeconomic trilemma. Controls on international capital movements remained with the return to pegged exchange rates under the Bretton Woods Agreement which allowed independent monetary policy. Economists such as Wray have seen the policy legacy of the Great Depression as having constrained the destabilising role played by finance. Moreover, it provided the framework for an unprecedented period of prosperity after the Second World War. In response to the Great Financial Crisis, policymakers have been largely cognisant of the lessons of the 1930’s. The Federal Reserve officials of the 1930’s argued that they could not increase credit by purchasing government securities as they were not eligible as collateral. In contrast, based on Bernanke’s view that banking collapse leads to a failure of the credit allocation mechanism, the Federal Reserve combining with the Treasury created a range of extensions to its discount window to encompass every kind of collateral in the hope of unblocking the credit markets. States co-ordinated massive injections of liquidity (double digits fractions of GDP in advanced economies). The Bank of England, the Bank of Japan and the Federal Reserve undertook large scale quantitative easing. Interest rates were reduced to almost zero in the US and Britain and to very low levels in Europe and elsewhere. Governments nationalised insolvent institutions deemed ‘too big to fail’ such as Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae in the United States, BNP Paribus in France and Northern Rock in Britain. Despite China’s minimal direct exposure to the financial crisis, its response to the downturn in demand has been sweeping. Focusing on developing infrastructure it undertook a stimulus package that amounted to 14% of GDP in 2008. Keen notes that the massive amount of government spending in 2010 meant that government debt was responsible for 12% of aggregate demand in contrast to only 1. % of aggregate demand between 1930 and 1932. Furthermore, unlike the 1930’s, governments have not tried to over-ride, the now much larger, automatic stabilisers. However, the experience of the 1930’s has not effectively militated upon the policy makers of the Eurozone, where a dramatic collapse in employment and living standards has mirrored the Great Depression. Like the Gold Standard, th e Euro was unbalanced from its inception as the weaker economies joined at a relatively high rate of exchange on the premise of avoiding inflation. The gap in competitiveness has widened due to Germany suppressing nominal wages much more effectively than the rest of the Eurozone. Easy credit provided to peripheral areas by German banks created markets for German exports and saddled those areas with debt. Monetary and fiscal policy has focused on creating an international currency to rival the dollar. Consequently, monetary policy has targeted inflation through low interest rates. As monetary policy is unitary, the peripheral economies are denied the opportunity to reflate their economies. Furthermore, unlike other major advanced economies since the crisis began, the Eurozone has required that Fiscal policy be placed under tight constraints via the Fiscal Stability Pact. The retrenching of the crisis on to sovereigns has exposed a central weakness of the Eurozone project. The ECB supports banks but lacks the power to support states. Similar to the deflation that was necessary under the Gold Standard, the peripheral economies of the Eurozone are locked into a mutually reinforcing cycle of debt and austerity. Having pursued national self-interest from the euro’s inception, Vines argues Germany is unwilling to provide the hegemonic leadership that its responsibilities in Europe require of it. Though, Lapavitas et al argue that abandoning fiscal discipline would be incompatible with the avowed aim of maintaining a currency that attempts to compete with the dollar. The value of the euro would probably fall, destroying the large Eurozone banks’ ability to operate internationally. If German policy has followed narrow self-interest to the detriment of others, it has not been alone. China has held down their exchange rates over a long period of time. It is widely estimated that Chinese currency is 30% to 40% overvalued. Martin Wolf of the Financial Times has asserted that Chinese interventions to keep the exchange rate down are tantamount analytically to trade protectionism. Judging by its reserves it has ‘†¦kept its exchange rate down to a degree unmatched in economic history. ’ States have also been quick to ‘ring-fence’ assets in their own jurisdiction. For example, the fear of the imminent collapse of the Icelandic banks led UK supervisors to resort to using the Anti-Terrorism, Crime and Security Act to ring fence Icelandic bank assets in the UK. Claessens et al point out that in general, national interventions have been uncoordinated and driven by pure national interest. However, the major international banks have co-ordinated massive injections of liquidity into the system at various points. Moreover, protectionism has not been a feature of the current crisis in the way that it was during the great depression. Research has shown that only 2% of falls in world trade in 2008-9, can be attributed to trade barriers. This can be primarily attributed to the system of flexible exchange rates, the lessons learnt from the great depression and the system of trade rules overseen the WTO. As of yet following the great financial crisis, there has not been significant banking reform. Attempts at co-ordinated international regulation have proved difficult. The former governor of the Bank of England Mervyn King attributes this to the heightened awareness that global banks are global in life and national in death. The draft proposals for the Basel III accords put forward some significant reforms which were ultimately watered down. Key elements such as a mandatory countercyclical capital buffer were omitted from the final agreement. Although the accords raised the minimum capital requirements, they are still held by many economists to be too low. Attempts at reform including the Dodds-Frank Act have not addressed the problem of ‘Too Big to Fail Banks’ (whose size necessitates that they be bailed out in the event of insolvency due to the systemic risk that they pose). A situation of moral hazard thereby exists where banks know they can engage in any risky behaviour they like. If anything should go wrong they know they will be bailed out by the state. In summary, the response to the Great Financial Crisis has differed from the Great Depression as a result of the increased understanding of macroeconomics. The scale of the policy response to the Great Financial Crisis would have been unthinkable during the Great Depression era. Despite the unprecedented response, the economic crisis that began with the financial crisis in 2007-8 is far from over and many problems remain. In the advanced economies, growth has been weak and fears of a triple dip recession persist. The Great Depression precipitated a reappraisal of policy by policymakers and resulted in considerable changes in policy. This has not happened so far to the same extent in response to the Great Financial Crisis. Many of the policy mistakes of the Great Depression have been avoided. The challenge now is to construct a macroeconomic framework that can aid the recovery and eventually facilitate a new period of economic expansion. The change in policies as a result of the Great Depression had some success in this respect. Banking regulation proved inadequate prior to both crises. In response to the Great Financial Crisis, this has yet to be rectified. This time policymakers will have to tackle the issue of ‘too big to fail’ banks. In the Eurozone, Germany has taken on the role of both the US and France during the Great Depression by failing to shore up weaker areas and by pursuing policies to the detriment of everybody else. During the Great Depression, the most important factor in the recovery was the abandonment of the Gold Standard. The countries that devalued in 1931 performed much better than those who had continued with exchange controls. The cost of reverting back to a national currency makes leaving the Euro and devaluing a less viable option for the Eurozone states. Bibliography Barrell, R. and Holland, D. ‘Monetary and Fiscal Responses to the Economic Downturn,’ National Institute Economic Review, No. 211, (Jan 2010) pp. 51-62. Bernanke, B. , ‘Nonmonetary Effects of the Financial Crises in the Propagation of the Great Depression,’ American Economic Review (June 1983), pp. 257-76. Bordo, M. and Landon-Lane, J. , ‘The banking panics in the United States in the 1930s: som e lessons for today,’ Oxford Review of Economic Policy, Vol. 26, No. 3, (2010), pp. 486–509. Calomiris, C. and Mason, J. , ‘Consequences of Bank Distress during the Great Depression,’ American Economic Review, Vol. 93, (2003a), pp. 937–47. Calomiris, C. , Monetary Policy and the Behavior of Banks: Lessons from the 1930s for the 2010s. 28th March 2011. Accessed: 16th December 2011. www. economics21. org/files/pdfs/in-depth /calomiris-spring-11. pdf Claessens, S. , Dell’Ariccia, G. , Igan, D. , and Laeven, L. , ‘Lessons and Policy Implications from the Global Financial Crisis,’ IMF Working Paper, No. 14 (2010). Cole, H. and Ohanian, L. , ‘New Deal Policies and the Persistence of the Great Depression: A General Equilibrium Analysis,’ Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis Research Department, Working Paper No. 597, (July 2000). Crafts, N. nd Fearon, P. , ‘Lessons from the 1930s Great Depression,’ Oxford Review of Economic Policy, Vol. 26, No. 3, (2010), pp. 285–317. Epstein, G. , and Ferguson, T. , ‘Monetary Policy, Loan Liquidation, and Industrial Conflict: The Federal Reserve and the Open Market Operations of 1932,’ Journal of Economic History (December 1984 ), pp. 957-83. Fishback, P. , ‘US Monetary and Fiscal Policy in the 1930s,’ Oxford Review of Economic Policy, Vol. 26, No. 3, (2010), pp. 385–413. Friedman, M. and Schwartz, A. , A Monetary History of the United States, 1867-1960’ (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1963). Goldstein, M. , ‘Integrating Reform of Financial Regulation with Reform of the International Monetary System,’ Peterson Institute for International Economics, Working Paper No. 11-5 (February 2011). Irwin, D. , ‘Trade Policy Disaster: Lessons from the 1930’s’ (Cambridge: MIT Press, 2011). Kee, H. L. , Neagu, C. , and Nicita, A. , ‘Is Protectionism on the Rise? Assessing National Trade Policies during the Crisis of 2008,’ World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 5274, (2010). Keen, S. , Empirical and theoretical reasons why the GFC is not behind us. 13th June 2010. Accessed: 16th December 2011. debtdeflation. com/blogs/2010/06/13/empirical-and-theoretical-reasons-why-the-gfc-is-not-behind-us/ Keynes, J. M. , ‘An Economic Analysis of Unemployment,’ From Q. Wright (ed. ), Unemployment as a World Problem, (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1931). Lapavitsas, C. , Kaltenbrunner, A. , Lindo, D. , Michell, J. , Painceira, J. P. , Pires, E. , Powell, J. , Stenfors, J. , and Teles, N. , ‘Eurozone crisis: beggar thyself and thy neighbour,’ Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies, Vol. 12, No. 4 (2010), pp. 321-373. Hannah, L. , and Temin, P. 2010), ‘Long-term Supply-side Implications of the Great Depression,’ Oxford Review of Economic Policy, Vol. 26, No. 3, pp. 561–80 Helleiner, E. and Pagliari, S. , ‘The End of an Era in International Financial Regulation? A Postcrisis Research Agenda,’ International Organization, Vol. 65, (Winter 2011), pp. 169–200 Vines, D. , ‘The Global Macroeconomic Crisis and G20 Macroeconomic Policy Coordination,’ The Journal of Applied Economic Research, Vol. 4, No. 2, (2010) pp. 157-175. Vines, D. , ‘Fiscal Policy in the Eurozone After the Crisis,’ Paper prepared for lunchtime talk at Macro Economy Research Conference on Fiscal Policy in he Post Crisis World, (Tokyo, 16 November, 2010). Wheelock, D. , ‘Monetary Policy in the Great Depression: What the Fed Did, and Why,’ Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Review, Vol. 74, No. 2, (March/April 1992) pp. 3-28. White, E. N. (1986), ‘Before the Glass–Steagall Act: An Analysis of the Investment-banking Activities of National Banks,’ Explorations in Economic History, Vol. 23, pp. 33–55. Wicker, E. , ‘Federal Reserve Monetary Policy, 1917-1933’ (Random House, 1966). Wolf, M. ,‘Why China’s Exchange Rate Policy Concerns Us,’ Financial Times (8th of December 2009) Wray, L. R. , ‘The rise and fall of money manager capitalism: a Minskian approach,’ Cambridge Journal of Economics, Vol. 33, (2009) pp. 807–828. Yu, Y. , China’s Policy Responses to the Global Financial Crisis, Richard Snape Lecture, Productivity Commission, Melbourne (25th November 2009). [ 1 ]. N. Crafts and P. Fearon, Lessons from the 1930s Great Depression, Oxford Review of Economic Policy, Vol. 26, No. 3, (2010), pp. 287 [ 2 ]. J. M. Keynes, ‘An Economic Analysis of Unemployment’, from Q. Wright (ed. , Unemployment as a World Problem, (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1931). [ 3 ]. C. Calomiris and J. Mason, Consequences of Bank Distress during the Great Depression, American Economic Review, Vol. 93, (2003a), pp. 937–47 [ 4 ]. M. Friedman and A. Schwartz, A Monetary History of the United States, 1867-1960, (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1963) [ 5 ]. M. Bordo and J. Landon-Lane, The Banking Panics in the United States in the 1930s: Some Lessons for Today, Oxford Review of Economic Policy, Vol. 26, No. 3, (2010), pp. 486–509 [ 6 ]. G. Epstein and T. Ferguson, Monetary Policy, Loan Liquidation, and Industrial Conflict: The Federal Reserve and the Open Market Operations of 1932, Journal of Economic History (December 1984), pp. 957-83. [ 7 ]. P. Fishback, US Monetary and Fiscal Policy in the 1930s, Oxford Review of Economic Policy, Vol. 26, No. 3, (2010), p. 394. [ 8 ]. E. Wicker, Federal Reserve Monetary Policy, 1917-1933, (Random House, 1966) [ 9 ]. Crafts and Fearon, Lessons from the 1930s Great Depression, p. 292 [ 10 ]. Calomiris and Mason, Consequences of Bank Distress during the Great Depression, pp. 937–47 [ 11 ]. Crafts and Fearon, Lessons from the 1930s Great Depression, pp. 291-3 [ 12 ]. Fishback, US Monetary and Fiscal Policy in the 1930s, pp. 401-5 [ 13 ]. Cole and Ohanian, New Deal Policies and the Persistence of the Great Depression: A General Equilibrium Analysis, Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis Research Department, Working Paper No. 597, (July 2000), p. 41. [ 14 ]. Ibid. pp. 294-5 [ 15 ]. Crafts and Fearon, Lessons from the 1930s Great Depression, pp. 295 [ 16 ]. D. Irwin, Trade Policy Disaster: Lessons from the 1930’s, (Cambridge: MIT Press, 2011) Ch. 1 [ 17 ]. Ibid. , Ch. 4 [ 18 ]. Crafts and Fearon, Lessons from the 1930s Great Depression, pp. 304-5 [ 19 ]. E. White, Before the Glass–Steagall Act: An Analysis of the Investment-banking Activities of National Banks, Explorations in Economic History, Vol. 23, (1986), pp. 33–55. [ 20 ]. C. Calomiris, Monetary Policy and the Behavior of Banks: Lessons from the 1930s for the 2010s. 28th March 2011. Accessed: 16th December 2011. www. economics21. org/files/pdfs/in-depth /calomiris-spring-11. pdf [ 21 ]. L. Hannah and P. Temin, (2010), Long-term Supply-side Implications of the Great Depression, Oxford Review of Economic Policy, Vol. 26, No. , (2010), pp. 561–80 [ 22 ]. White, Before the Glass–Steagall Act: An Analysis of the Investment-banking Activities of National Banks, pp. 33–55. [ 23 ]. L. Wray, The Rise and Fall of Money Manager Capitalism: A Minskian Approach, Cambridge Journal of Economics, Vol. 33, (2009) pp. 813 [ 24 ]. Bernanke, B. , Nonmonetary Effects of the Financial Cr ises in the Propagation of the Great Depression, American Economic Review (June 1983), pp. 257-76. [ 25 ]. R. Barrell and D. Holland, Monetary and Fiscal Responses to the Economic Downturn, National Institute Economic Review, No. 211, (Jan 2010) p. 56 [ 26 ]. Y. Yu, China’s Policy Responses to the Global Financial Crisis, Richard Snape Lecture, Productivity Commission, Melbourne (25th November 2009) pp. 9-10 [ 27 ]. S. Keen, Empirical and theoretical reasons why the GFC is not behind us. 13th June 2010. Accessed: 16th December 2011 [ 28 ]. C. Lapavitsas et al, Eurozone crisis: beggar thyself and thy neighbour, Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies, Vol. 12, No. 4 (2010), p. 367 [ 29 ]. D. Vines, Fiscal Policy in the Eurozone After the Crisis, Paper prepared for lunchtime talk at Macro Economy Research Conference on Fiscal Policy in the Post Crisis World, (Tokyo, 16 November, 2010). 30 ]. Lapavitsas et al, Eurozone crisis: beggar thyself and thy neighbour, p. 367 [ 31 ]. D. Vines, The Global Macroeconomic Crisis and G20 Macroeconomic Policy Coordination, The Journal of Applied Economic Research, Vol. 4, No. 2, (2010) pp. 157-175 [ 32 ]. M. Wolf, Why China’s Exchange Rate Policy Concerns Us, Financial Times (8th of December 2009) [ 33 ]. S. Claessens et al, Lessons and Policy Implications from the Global Financial Crisis, IMF Working Paper, No. 14 (2010) p. 16 [ 34 ]. L. Kee et al, Is Protectionism on the Rise? Assessing National Trade Policies during the Crisis of 2008, World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 5274, (2010), p. 3 [ 35 ]. E. Helleiner and S. Pagliari, The End of an Era in International Financial Regulation? A Postcrisis Research Agenda, International Organization, Vol. 65, (Winter 2011), p. 184 [ 36 ]. M. Goldstein, Integrating Reform of Financial Regulation with Reform of the International Monetary System, Peterson Institute for International Economics, Working Paper No. 11-5 (February 2011), pp. 5-7. [ 37 ]. Crafts and Fearon, Lessons from the 1930s Great Depression, pp. 311